Index
A-L Theory, see Aristotelian-Leibnizian Theory
abilities, see capabilities
ability, 70–75
Absolute Infinity, 78
AC, see Axiom of Choice
actualism, 126–127
actuality, 4, 82–88, 91, 105–113, 127, 129, 151, 197, 263
Adams, Robert M., 29, 97–99, 104, 154, 206–207, 251, 254–255, 260
aesthetics, see beauty
agency, see free will
alien individuals, 155, 255–262
alien properties, 28, 55, 131–136, 150, 154, 171, 185
analogy, 273
anaphora, 85
angle trisection, see trisection of angles
Anscombe, G. E. M., 232, 254
Anselm of Canterbury, 41–42
Aquinas, Thomas, 181, 188, 228, 248–249, 272, 274–275, 277–278
Aristotelian metaphysics, see Aristotle
Aristotelian-Leibnizian Theory, 205–284
Aristotle, 18, 20–21, 25–30, 63, 78, 131, 165, 167, 175, 206–210, 213–214
Armstrong, D. M., 59, 91–92, 136–139, 175, 213
arrow of time, see direction of time
asymmetry of time, see direction of time
atomism, see logical atomism
Axiarchic Principle, 21
Axiom of Choice, 92–94, 128, 152
Axiom of Separation, 159
Axiom of Union, 94
Axiom S4, see S4
Axiom S5, see S5
Axiom, Brouwer, see Brouwer Axiom
axioms, 10–12, 36, 53, 132–133, 156, 159, 167, 199–200, 281
B-theory of time, 20, 88
Banach-Tarski Paradox, see Banach-Tarski Theorem
Banach-Tarski Theorem, 93
Barcan formula, 15–16, 284
BCCF, see Big Contingent Conjunctive Fact
beauty, 252–254, 280
Beedle, Andrew, 105
Beer, Michelle, 88
Bennett, Jonathan, 47–48
Big Bang, 50, 216, 221, 271–272
Big Contingent Conjunctive Fact, 230–232
Bivalence, see Principle of Bivalence
Black, Max, 260
borogroves, 180, 190
bosons, 76, 94–96, 109, 134, 137
Boyd, Richard, 241
branching, 14, 29–31, 104–105, 210, 216, 219–220, 275
Brouwer Axiom, 14, 16, 137, 219–220
Bucephalus, 172, 224, 236, 244
C-series, 90
Cambridge property, 241
Cameron, Ross Paul, 37–38, 266
Cantor, Georg, 78, 92, 126
capabilities, 91, 171–172, 210–223, 225–237, 239–250
capacities, see capabilities
cardinality, 77–78, 90–96, 105, 120, 132, 143–145, 223, 256
Cartwright, Nancy, 34, 232, 251
Castañeda, H.-N., 155
Cauchy sequences, 55
causal overdetermination, see overdetermination
causal powers, see capabilities
causation, 42–52, 80, 92–93, 99–100, 109, 198–212, 241, 244–245
Chalmers, David, 7
change, 19–20, 26, 29–30, 209–210, 227, 239
Chihara, Charles S., 156
Chisholm, Roderick, 65, 259–260
choice, see free will
Christianity, 142, 274
Church’s Thesis, 11
Clarke, Randolph, 234
Coat Thief Problem, 47
coincidence, 166, 171–172, 175, 237, 269
Collier, John, 56
combinatorialism, 137–139, 188
Conant, James, 184
concretism, 126–127
confusion, 182–188
consequentialism, 33
consequentialist considerations, 107–110
constraint-necessity, 236–238
constraint-possibility, see constraint-necessity
conventionalism, 34–38
Cosmological Argument, 218–220
counterfactuals, 33, 42–48, 55, 76, 93–97, 99, 110–111, 130–136, 141, 151–153, 169
counterparts, 64–75, 86–99, 127, 140, 150, 242
Cresswell, M. J., 137
Dancy, Jonathan, 185
Davis, Wayne A., 45
de dicto modality, 130, 148, 153, 256
de re modality, 30, 103, 130, 154–155, 161–164, 254
decidability, 11
Dedekind cuts, 55
definite descriptions, 53, 84–86, 131, 202
deflation, 35–36
Della Rocca, Michael, 232
Democritus, 23–24
deontology, 99–100, 108–109
Descartes, René, 14, 170, 184, 199, 224
determinism, 43, 53
differentia, 168
Dirac, P. A. M., 95
direction of time, 42–52, 80
dispositions, 70, 239–246
Divers, John, 260
divine ideas, 4, 31–32, 202–210, 214, 248–249, 252–255, 261–264, 267
divine simplicity, 274–276
Donnellan, Keith S., 86
dthat, 86
Edgington, Dorothy, 47
Elga, Adam, 44–45, 47
EMR, see Extreme Modal Realism
entropy, 49–51
Ersatzism, 125–177, 211, 227–228
essentiality of origins, 37–38, 257–259, 266
ethics, 1, 32–33, 96–109, 251, 267
Euclidean geometry, 13, 137
Euthyphro, 176
evolution, 163, 185–186, 237, 251, 277
Excluded Middle, see Law of Excluded Middle
expansion of the universe, 44
explanation, 20, 22–23, 28, 36, 45, 48–49, 52–53, 57, 85, 113, 117–119, 134–135, 137, 142, 150–151, 155–156, 158–161, 171, 179, 184, 186, 197, 203, 207, 209, 212, 214, 218, 221, 223–227, 231–232, 236, 239–240, 247, 252–253, 256–259, 266
extended Parmenidean problem, see truthmakers
Extreme Modal Realism, 4, 24–25, 28, 30, 37, 59–120, 132–133, 194, 211–212
falsemakers, 21, 166, 170
fatalism, 105
Fermat’s Last Theorem, 52–53, 120, 196
fictionalism, 139–155
Findlay, J. N., 270
Fine Tuning Argument, 22, 220–221
Fine, Kit, 43
finking, 246
Fitch, Gregory, 137
form, 135
formal system, 11
Forrest, Peter, 91–92, 110, 116
free will, 1, 23, 51, 70, 100–106, 180, 207, 211, 216–217, 227–228, 266
freedom, see free will
Frege, Gottlob, 132–133, 183
French, Steven, 76
future, openness of, see Open Future
Gale, Richard M., 84–85, 221, 265–266
Gellman, Jerome, 221–222
general atomism, see logical atomism
General Theory of Relativity, see Relativity Theory
God, 1, 4, 14, 22, 31–32, 81–82, 97, 125, 140–141, 171, 180, 202–206, 210–215, 222, 224–225, 231, 239, 241–244, 246–247, 249–256
God, ideas of, see divine ideas
God, omnipotence of, see omnipotence
God, simplicity of, see divine simplicity
Goldbach’s Conjecture, 36, 196
Good Samaritan, 104
Goodman, Nelson, 264
gravity, 160–161
Grim, Patrick, 156, 159
grounding, see truthmakers
Growing Block, 51
Gödel numbering, 10–11, 128
Gödelian mathematical truths, 8, 10–12, 196, 201, 225
Hacking, Ian, 257
haecceities, 255–259
Hahn-Banach Theorem, 93
hallucination, see illusion
Heller, Mark, 136
Hilbert’s hotel, 93
Hippolytus, 24
Horwich, Paul, 35–36
Hume, David, 40, 70, 112–115, 217, 252, 264–265, 268, 270
Humean, see Hume, David
hyperreals, see Non-Standard Analysis
identity, 66, 69–75, 250–257
identity of indiscernibles, see Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles
illusion, 182–187
incommensurability, 233, 239
indeterminism, 223–224
indexicals, 82–88, 91–94, 96–97, 104–110, 126, 171–172
indiscernible worlds, 75–80, 145–149
indiscernibles, see Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles
individuals, alien, see alien individuals
inductive reasoning, 36, 51, 77, 110–118, 256
infinity, absolute, see Absolute Infinity
intentionality, 206–207
Jeffrey, Richard C., 11, 27, 130
Johnson, Daniel, 175
Jubien, Michael, 161, 165, 206–210
Judaism, 274
Kane, Robert H., 234
Kant, Immanuel, 10, 31, 116, 168, 254
Kaplan, David, 86
knowledge of modal truths, see modal knowledge
knowledge, mathematical, 119–121
Koons, Robert C., 221
Kripke models, 127–130
Kripke, Saul, 6, 8, 10, 12, 37, 127–128, 131, 202, 256–257
Kripkean, see Kripke, Saul
Kuhn, Steven T., 16, 42
Kuratowski, K., 92
Kutach, D. N., 49
Kvanvig, Jonathan, 215
Ladyman, J., 56
Lagadonian languages, 133–134, 147–149
languages, Lagadonian, see Lagadonian languages
Law of Bivalence, see Principle of Bivalence
Law of Excluded Middle, 12
laws of nature, 2–3, 14, 21–22, 31, 38, 40–42, 51, 67, 69, 93, 97, 104, 107–108, 116, 134–135, 156, 225, 227–228, 244, 247, 258
Leftow, Brian, 207, 222
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 4, 14, 22, 24–25, 31–32, 64, 76, 115, 122–123, 158, 201–208, 212–214, 219, 242, 244, 271–272
Leslie, John, 21–22, 26
Less Radical Theory, 122, 169–170, 201–203, 222–224, 234–235, 247, 268–269, 273, 279
Leucippus, 23–24, 228–229
Lewis, David, 1, 4, 21, 23–27, 29, 34, 36–105, 123, 126, 133, 173, 186, 189, 198
Liar Paradox, 36, 189, 198
light-cones, 48–49
logical atomism, 59, 189–190
Loux, 14, 267
LRT, see Less Radical Theory
Lycan, William G., 70, 126, 137
Lévinas, Emmanuel, 104
Mackie, Penelope, 31, 214, 258
Manley, David, 235–236
Martin, C. B., 246
Masham, Damaris, 25
mathematical beliefs, 195–201
mathematical entities, 15–16, 31
mathematical induction, 16, 203, 286–287
mathematical knowledge, see knowledge, mathematical
mathematical truths, 10–12, 35, 50–51, 116–118, 161, 222, 247–249, 263
McTaggart, John E., 90
Meinong, Alexius, 24
Melia, Joseph, 39, 148
Merricks, Trenton, 21
modal knowledge, 34, 118–121, 200, 248–249
modality, 1–288
modality de dicto, see de dicto modality
modality de re, see de re modality
Molière, 243
Monk, J. D., 93
Mostowski, A., 92
mystery, 12, 29, 31–32, 36, 54–55, 66, 80–81, 89, 158, 160, 163–164, 175–176, 190, 205–206, 229, 235, 252–253, 257–258, 271, 275
narrow scope, see scope
naturalness, 37
necessary being, 270–273
necessitators, 235–240
Newtonian physics, 49, 119, 159–160, 248–249
noetic rays, 206–207
Nolan, Daniel, 92–93, 140
Non-Standard Analysis, 96
Ockham’s razor, 76–77, 80, 208, 229, 237–238, 280, 282
omnipotence, 267–269
Ontological Argument, 14
Open Future, 51–52
origins essentialism, see essentiality of origins
ostension, 8–9, 28, 132, 254
overdetermination, 45
O’Connor, Timothy, 236
Parallel Postulate, 13
Parmenides, 17–21, 25–26, 224
Parsons, Terence, 155
Peacocke, Christopher, 37–38
per impossibile counterfactuals, 22, 90, 141–142, 164, 166–168
photons, 76, 94–96, 109
physicalism, 111, 239
PII, see Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles
Place, Ullin T., 31, 223
Plantinga, Alvin, 29, 52, 94, 155, 179, 215, 261
Plato, 21, 179–180
pluralities, 18, 214
pluriverse, 147–155
Pollock, John, 47
Poquelin, Jean-Baptiste, see Molière
possibilifiers, 235–240, 244, 269–270
power-necessity, see power-possibility
power-possibility, 236–238
powers, see capabilities
primitive modality, 28–30, 79–80, 132–134, 137, 159, 161, 250–251, 260, 272
Principle of Bivalence, 51, 144, 150–154, 172
Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles, 76, 255–259
Principle of Impartiality of Reason, 115–116
Principle of Recombination, 91–95, 107–109, 113, 136
Principle of Sufficient Reason, 218–220, 225–232, 263, 272
probability, 33, 77, 137–138, 229, 238–239, 244–245
Problem of Evil, 1, 23, 265–266
properties, alien, see alien properties
properties, metaphysics of, 60–61
property, Cambridge, see Cambridge property
property, real, see real property
propositions, metaphysics of, 29–30, 51–59, 150–153, 158, 166, 194–195, 267–268
PSR, see Principle of Sufficient Reason
Putnam, Hilary, 206
Pythagorean Theorem, 13
quasi-rigid designators, 103
R*-necessity, 203, 224–225, 227, 277
R-necessity, 202–203, 223, 275
Rasmussen, Joshua, 221, 249
real property, 241
reasons, 104–105, 110, 185–186, 232–234, 241
recombination, see Principle of Recombination
regress, 17, 58, 182, 247, 279
relational structure, 56
Relativity Theory, 48–50, 54
Rescher, Nicholas, 22–23, 25, 149
responsibility, see free will
Rhoda, Alan, 52
Richards, Tom, 119
Riemannian manifold, 55
rigid designators, 53, 71–72, 84–86, 100–101, 103, 129, 139, 141–142
Rosen, Gideon, 139–141
Ross, Don, 56
Ross, James F., 231
Rowe, William L., 231
rules of inference, 10–11
Russell, Bertrand, 132–133, 158, 201–202
S4, 14–16, 216, 218, 257, 282–284
S5, 13–17, 28, 31, 121, 132–134, 164, 213–216, 221–222, 254–255
Salmon, Wesley, 231
scepticism, 112–119
SCLEM, see Subjunctive Conditional Law of Excluded Middle
scope, 143, 145–146, 224–225
Secretariat, 166, 172
self-contradiction, 181, 194, 208, 225
self-knowledge, 275
Sellars, Wilfrid, 183–184, 273
set theory, 161
Shoemaker, Sidney, 241–243
Sider, Theodore, 37, 147–155, 169
simultaneity, 48–49, 90, 250, 263, 275–277
Skyrms, Brian, 81
space-time, 48–49, 54, 67, 87–89, 92–94, 125, 133, 135–136, 211, 263, 266
Special Theory of Relativity, see Relativity Theory
Spinoza, Baruch, 179–201
Spurrett, David, 56
Stalnaker, Robert, 47, 61, 155
states of affairs, 40–41, 154, 160, 165, 176, 179, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213–214, 266, 277
Strawson, P. F., 117
strength, 22, 212, 239, 249
subjective conditionals, see counterfactuals
Subjunctive Conditional Law of Excluded Middle, 144, 157
substances, 18, 20, 29–31, 73, 120, 209, 212–213, 232–233, 249
supervenience, 1, 33, 40–41, 60, 81, 130–131, 134, 157, 187
Swinburne, Richard, 32, 222, 254, 281
T-schema, 150–151, 261
Tarski, Alfred, 150, 261
tautology, 9, 127, 134, 189–190, 224, 243, 255, 266, 268
Teleological Argument, 221
telos, 135, 282
Theory of Relativity, see Relativity Theory
Third Man Regress, 58
Thomas Aquinas, see Aquinas, Thomas
Tillich, Paul, 271–272
time, B-theory of, see B-theory of time
time, direction of, see direction of time
Trinity, 209
trisection of angles, 195–196
truth, 21, 35–36, 260–261
truthmakers, 5, 17–21, 25–26, 28, 64–68, 70–72, 109–110, 112–113, 125, 149–154, 156–158, 161–162, 172, 174, 187, 193–194, 197, 220, 251–252, 260, 263
Turner, Donald A., 76, 99
two-dimensional semantics, 7–8
Ugaritic language, 180
universals, 59, 133–134
Unrestricted Principle of Recombination, see Principle of Recombination
ur-elements, 263
van Inwagen, Peter, 161, 230–231
virtus dormitiva, 243
wave-function, 76, 111, 134, 270
wide scope, see scope
Williams, D. C., 97–99
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 179, 188–191, 223–224
Zorn’s Lemma, see Axiom of Choice